{"id":13808,"date":"2020-04-26T18:26:07","date_gmt":"2020-04-26T15:26:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hasnlz.com\/wp\/?p=13808"},"modified":"2020-04-26T18:26:07","modified_gmt":"2020-04-26T15:26:07","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b6%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hasnlz.com\/?p=13808","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a.. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a.. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u062f. \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>O<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0646\u062f\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0645\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u062d\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0628\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0622 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0647\u064f\u0648\u064e \u0648\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0631\u0650<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0642\u064f\u0637\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0648\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0629\u064d \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u062d\u064e\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0629\u064d \u0641\u0650\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0638\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0645\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0636\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u064e\u0637\u0650\u0628\u064d \u0648\u064e\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650\u0633\u064d<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0643\u0650\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0635\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0642\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064f\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0638\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064f<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 59<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629..<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u062e\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628..<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"590\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;..<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;..<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627: \u00a0\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;..<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;..<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629\u00a0 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;..<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"499\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 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Bentham (1748-1832)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u064a\u062c\u0644 (1770-1831) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 (1818-1883) \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 (1820-1895) \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 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name=\"_ednref31\">[30]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a Hamza Alavi \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a 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\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (( \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 )). \u0648\u0623\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0646\u064a (1273 \u0623\u0648 1277\u20131355 \u0647\u0640) \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_edn78\" name=\"_ednref78\">[77]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 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name=\"_ednref81\">[80]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<sup>(<a href=\"#_edn82\" name=\"_ednref82\">[81]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646)\u060c (( \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u2013 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629\u2013 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 ))<sup>(<a href=\"#_edn84\" name=\"_ednref84\">[83]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a 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name=\"_ednref102\">[101]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 State Formation \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c Paradigm \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 (\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b 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\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0631\u060c <strong><u>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c 1992\u060c \u063515<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><\/a>([2]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 (( \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 ))<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1969\u060c \u0635 168<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><\/a>([3]) H. Lasky , <strong><u>The State in The Theory and Practice<\/u><\/strong> ,George Allen and Union ,London, 1967,p. 22<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><\/a>([4]) J.P.Nettl,The State As a Conceptual Variable, <strong>World Politics<\/strong>, No.4,.July ,1968<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><\/a>([5]) Michal Banks and Martin Shaw [eds] , <strong><u>State and Society in International Relations<\/u><\/strong> , Harvester Whet sheaf , London , 1991 , pp. 22 &#8211; 23<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><\/a>([6]) \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0644\u062f D. Held \u00a0\u060c \u0648\u062b\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 Theda Skokopol \u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 A. Stepan \u00a0\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 Pery Anderson<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><\/a>(([7] \u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0640. \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648. \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (34)\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c 1987\u060c \u0635 50<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><\/a>(([8] \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c <strong><u>\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 )) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0637 2\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c [\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646]\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2001\u060c \u0635<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><\/a>(([10] \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c <strong><u>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1973\u060c \u0635 95-96<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><\/a>(([11] \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :<\/p>\n<p>Leonary Tivey [ ed.] , <strong><u>The National &#8211; state : The Formation of Modern Polities<\/u> <\/strong><strong>,<\/strong>Martin Robertson , Oxford\u00a0 ,1981 . Hugh S. Watson , <strong><u>Nations and States: An Inquiry into the Origins of Nations and the polities of Nationalism<\/u><\/strong> ,Methuen , London ,1977.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><\/a>([12]) \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c [\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646]\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u>\u060c <\/strong>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1988\u060c \u0635 63<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><\/a>([13]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0631\u060c <strong><u>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1966\u060c \u0635 201<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><\/a>([14]) \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0647\u064a\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0637 2\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1979<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><\/a>([15]) \u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c <strong><u>\u0645\u0646<\/u> <u>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1980\u060c \u063523-24<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><\/a>(([16] \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 (( \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 )) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1576\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633 Grotius \u00a0(1583-1645) \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632 Thomas Hobbes \u00a0(1588-1679) \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643 (1632-1704) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648 (1689- 1755)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648 Rousseau \u00a0(1712-1788) \u0648\u0647\u064a\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643 Admand Burke \u00a0(1730-1797)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0644J.S. Mill \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u064aL . Dugit \u00a0\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:- \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 189-201<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">(<\/a>*) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632\u00a0 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\"><\/a>([17]) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 111<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\"><\/a>(([18] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\"><\/a>([19]) \u00a0H. Lasky , op.cit,p. 28<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\"><\/a>([20]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c <strong><u>\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1997\u060c \u0635 17<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\"><\/a>([21]) \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0631\u060c <strong><u>\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1984<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\"><\/a>([22]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c ( \u062f.\u062a)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\"><\/a>(([23] \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 87<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\"><\/a>([24]) \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0633\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c1980<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\"><\/a>([25]) \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c (\u062f.\u062a)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\"><\/a>([26]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629) \u0641\u064a:<strong> <u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong><u> <strong>\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/u>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 98<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\"><\/a>(([27] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\"><\/a>([28]) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\"><\/a>(([29] \u0632\u0628\u064a\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c <strong><u>\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1980\u060c \u0635 171<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\"><\/a>([30]) \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1948 (51) \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (143) \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990 (159) \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 (185) \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1997\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2003 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (191) \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\"><\/a>([31]) \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c [\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 72<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\"><\/a>([32]) \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/u><\/strong><strong><u>: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1985\u060c \u0635 81<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\"><\/a>([33]) \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\"><\/a>([34] ) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 82<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\"><\/a>([35]) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0629: \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\/ \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\u060c 1985\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 1985\u060c \u0635 261<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\"><\/a>([36]) \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0644 Ali Kazancigil \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<p>A.Kazancigil : Les Nouvelles dEtat en Turki , in : Peupples Me\u2019ditervaneen\u2019s , LETAT ETLA ME\u2019DITERANEE No. 27 \u201328 , 1984, P.42.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\"><\/a>(([37] \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 97<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\"><\/a>([38]) \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c [\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646]\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1990\u060c \u0635 42-43<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\"><\/a>(([39] \u062d\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 299-301<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref41\" name=\"_edn41\"><\/a>(([40] \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 394- 395<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref42\" name=\"_edn42\"><\/a>(([41] \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 97<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref43\" name=\"_edn43\"><\/a>(([42] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 98<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref44\" name=\"_edn44\"><\/a>([43]) \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a 4-5 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1997<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631: \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1998\u060c \u0635 \u0635 153-154<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref45\" name=\"_edn45\"><\/a>([44]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0628\u060c [\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646]\u060c <strong><u>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1988\u060c \u0635 \u0635105-113<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref46\" name=\"_edn46\"><\/a>([45]) \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0642\u0631\u0645\u060c <strong><u>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1979<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref47\" name=\"_edn47\"><\/a>([46]) \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635 \u0635 123-124<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref48\" name=\"_edn48\"><\/a>([47]) \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a (( \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 ))<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635 84<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref49\" name=\"_edn49\"><\/a>([48]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 85-86<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref50\" name=\"_edn50\"><\/a>([49]) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1996\u060c \u063531<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref51\" name=\"_edn51\"><\/a>([50]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 35-46<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref52\" name=\"_edn52\"><\/a>(([51] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063553<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref53\" name=\"_edn53\"><\/a>([52]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 46\u201347<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref54\" name=\"_edn54\"><\/a>([53]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 442<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref55\" name=\"_edn55\"><\/a>([54]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong>\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629: <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0646<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/strong><strong> \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1985\u060c \u0635 48 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref56\" name=\"_edn56\"><\/a>([55]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u062f.\u062a)\u060c \u0635 244 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref57\" name=\"_edn57\"><\/a>([56]) \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1988\u060c \u0635 96<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref58\" name=\"_edn58\"><\/a>([57]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 139<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref59\" name=\"_edn59\"><\/a>([58]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 153<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref60\" name=\"_edn60\"><\/a>([59]) \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a: (1) \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u061b (2) \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u061b (3) \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0629\u061b (4) \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u061b (5) \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0630\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 119<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref61\" name=\"_edn61\"><\/a>([60]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong><u>\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u062f.\u062a)\u060c \u0635 328<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref62\" name=\"_edn62\"><\/a>([61]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 329<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref63\" name=\"_edn63\"><\/a>([62]) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 (1703-1787) \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f (\u061f- 1765) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1811 \u0648 1818 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1932 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref64\" name=\"_edn64\"><\/a>([63]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1970<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref65\" name=\"_edn65\"><\/a>([64]) \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 (( \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 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\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635 57<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref66\" name=\"_edn66\"><\/a>([65]) \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1994\u060c \u0635 50<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref67\" name=\"_edn67\"><\/a>(([66] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 52<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref68\" name=\"_edn68\"><\/a>(([67] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref69\" name=\"_edn69\"><\/a>([68]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 19-23<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref70\" name=\"_edn70\"><\/a>([69]) \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0637\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 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name=\"_edn73\"><\/a>([72]) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 107\u2013137 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref74\" name=\"_edn74\"><\/a>([73]) \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0643\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> 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\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0637\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref82\" name=\"_edn82\"><\/a>([81]) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 (1935- 1980) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 . \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641\u060c (\u062f.\u062a).\u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629: \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1399.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref83\" name=\"_edn83\"><\/a>([82]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c (\u062f.\u0646)\u060c (\u062f.\u062a).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref84\" name=\"_edn84\"><\/a>([83]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 14<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref85\" name=\"_edn85\"><\/a>([84]) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c <strong><u>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong><strong><u>: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1980<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref86\" name=\"_edn86\"><\/a>([85]) \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0624 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a<strong>: <u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong> \u060c <strong>\u062c1<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 28<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref87\" name=\"_edn87\"><\/a>([86]) \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<strong>\u060c <\/strong>\u0641\u064a<strong>: <u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong> \u060c <strong>\u062c1<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 50<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref88\" name=\"_edn88\"><\/a>([87] ) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 228 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref89\" name=\"_edn89\"><\/a>([88]) \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c [\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 91\u201393\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 244-247<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref90\" name=\"_edn90\"><\/a>([89]) \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1978\u060c \u063511<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref91\" name=\"_edn91\"><\/a>([90]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 15<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref92\" name=\"_edn92\"><\/a>([91]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 34\u201336 \u061b \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646<strong>\u060c <u>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u06373\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1980\u060c \u0635 32-42<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref93\" name=\"_edn93\"><\/a>([92]) \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 34<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref94\" name=\"_edn94\"><\/a>([93]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 40-41<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref95\" name=\"_edn95\"><\/a>([94]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063560\u201369<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref96\" name=\"_edn96\"><\/a>([95]) \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063528<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref97\" name=\"_edn97\"><\/a>([96]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063530<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref98\" name=\"_edn98\"><\/a>([97]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 29-40<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref99\" name=\"_edn99\"><\/a>([98]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 43<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref100\" name=\"_edn100\"><\/a>([99]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627:<\/p>\n<p>Iliya Harik , The Origins of The Arab State System , in : Ghassan Salama\u2019 [ ed.] , <strong>The Foundations of The Arab State<\/strong> , Groom Helm , London , 1987<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref101\" name=\"_edn101\"><\/a>([100]) \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 48<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref102\" name=\"_edn102\"><\/a>([101]) \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0637 2\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1999\u060c \u0635 66<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref103\" name=\"_edn103\"><\/a>([102]) \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1991\u060c \u0635 \u0635 62-69<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref104\" name=\"_edn104\"><\/a>([103]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 139- 144<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref105\" name=\"_edn105\"><\/a>([104]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 186-190<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref106\" name=\"_edn106\"><\/a>([105]) \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648<\/u><\/strong><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong><strong><u> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (( \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 ))<\/u><\/strong><strong>\u060c <\/strong>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1987\u060c \u0635 145-161<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref107\" name=\"_edn107\"><\/a>([106]) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a: \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a (\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1986\u060c \u0635 281<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref108\" name=\"_edn108\"><\/a>([107]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 282<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref109\" name=\"_edn109\"><\/a>([108]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 282\u2013283<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref110\" name=\"_edn110\"><\/a>([109]) \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 Rupture<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref111\" name=\"_edn111\"><\/a>(([110] \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0634\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 (3)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1986\u060c \u0635 \u0635 14\u201315<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref112\" name=\"_edn112\"><\/a>([111]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong><u>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0632\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635 60<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref113\" name=\"_edn113\"><\/a>(([112] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 38<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref114\" name=\"_edn114\"><\/a>([113]) \u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0633\u062e\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 (21)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (236)\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c 1998\u060c \u0635 41<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref115\" name=\"_edn115\"><\/a>(([114] \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 33<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref116\" name=\"_edn116\"><\/a>([115]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c <strong><u>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1939<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref117\" name=\"_edn117\"><\/a>([116]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 39<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref118\" name=\"_edn118\"><\/a>(([117] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 39<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref119\" name=\"_edn119\"><\/a>([118]) \u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0628 (( \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 )) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref120\" name=\"_edn120\"><\/a>([119]) \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 54<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref121\" name=\"_edn121\"><\/a>(([120] \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 40<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref122\" name=\"_edn122\"><\/a>([121]) \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1986<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref123\" name=\"_edn123\"><\/a>([122]) \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 407\u2013 408<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref124\" name=\"_edn124\"><\/a>([123]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 52<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref125\" name=\"_edn125\"><\/a>(([124] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref126\" name=\"_edn126\"><\/a>([125]) \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c <strong><u>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1978<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref127\" name=\"_edn127\"><\/a>([126]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 79<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref128\" name=\"_edn128\"><\/a>(([127] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 104<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref129\" name=\"_edn129\"><\/a>(([128] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 108<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref130\" name=\"_edn130\"><\/a>(([129] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 124<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref131\" name=\"_edn131\"><\/a>([130]) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 52<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref132\" name=\"_edn132\"><\/a>([131]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 123<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref133\" name=\"_edn133\"><\/a>([132]) \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 98-99<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref134\" name=\"_edn134\"><\/a>(([133] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063599<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref135\" name=\"_edn135\"><\/a>(([134] \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 47<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref136\" name=\"_edn136\"><\/a>([135]) \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 100 \u061b \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c <strong><u>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 (37)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635 204<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref137\" name=\"_edn137\"><\/a>(([136] \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 106<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref138\" name=\"_edn138\"><\/a>([137]) \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 123<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref139\" name=\"_edn139\"><\/a>([138]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 124<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref140\" name=\"_edn140\"><\/a>([139]) \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 132-134<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref141\" name=\"_edn141\"><\/a>(([140] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 136-137<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref142\" name=\"_edn142\"><\/a>([141]) \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0629: \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062c\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 358 \u0647\u0640 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633. \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u0639\u0641 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name=\"_edn148\"><\/a>([147]) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a<u>: <strong>\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/strong><\/u><strong> \u061f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 55<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref149\" name=\"_edn149\"><\/a>([148]) \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c <strong><u>\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref151\" name=\"_edn151\"><\/a>([150]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 23<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref152\" name=\"_edn152\"><\/a>([151]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 24-25<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref153\" name=\"_edn153\"><\/a>([152]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 359<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref154\" name=\"_edn154\"><\/a>([153]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 25<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref155\" name=\"_edn155\"><\/a>([154]) \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c [\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u063580-81<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref156\" name=\"_edn156\"><\/a>([155]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 81<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref157\" name=\"_edn157\"><\/a>([156])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 78<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref158\" name=\"_edn158\"><\/a>([157]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 (25)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (281)\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635 \u0635 24- 25<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref159\" name=\"_edn159\"><\/a>([158]) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 93<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref160\" name=\"_edn160\"><\/a>([159]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 105\u2013 109<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref161\" name=\"_edn161\"><\/a>([160]) \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 83<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref162\" name=\"_edn162\"><\/a>(([161] \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (( The Formation of Modern Lebanon \u00a0)) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 Meir Zamir \u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (80)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 (8)\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c 1985\u060c \u0635 156<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref163\" name=\"_edn163\"><\/a>([162]) \u00a0Donald Hawley , <strong>The Trucial States <\/strong>, George Allen and Unwin ,London , 1970.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref164\" name=\"_edn164\"><\/a>([163]) \u00a0Philip S. Khoury\u00a0 and Joseph Kostiner [ ed.] , <strong>Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East<\/strong> ,University of California Press , Berkeley , 1990<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref165\" name=\"_edn165\"><\/a>([164]) \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 80<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref166\" name=\"_edn166\"><\/a>([165]) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 180<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref167\" name=\"_edn167\"><\/a>([166]) \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 187<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref168\" name=\"_edn168\"><\/a>([167]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635105- 106<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref169\" name=\"_edn169\"><\/a>([168]) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 77\u2013 99<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref170\" name=\"_edn170\"><\/a>([169]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0Albert Hourani, <strong>A History of the Arab Peoples<\/strong> , The Belknap Press, New York ,1992<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref171\" name=\"_edn171\"><\/a>([170]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 292<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref172\" name=\"_edn172\"><\/a>(([171] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 374<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref173\" name=\"_edn173\"><\/a>([172]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 (22)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (243)\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u06481999\u060c \u063543<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref174\" name=\"_edn174\"><\/a>([173]) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0628 (1)\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 470-471<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref175\" name=\"_edn175\"><\/a>([174]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 48- 49<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref176\" name=\"_edn176\"><\/a>([175]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 51<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref177\" name=\"_edn177\"><\/a>([176]) \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0633\u060c <strong><u>\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632: \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c 1998\u060c \u0635 103<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref178\" name=\"_edn178\"><\/a>([177]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 270<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref179\" name=\"_edn179\"><\/a>([178]) \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 27\u201348<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref180\" name=\"_edn180\"><\/a>(([179] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 43<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref181\" name=\"_edn181\"><\/a>([180]) \u00a0\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c <strong><u>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 218<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref182\" name=\"_edn182\"><\/a>([181]) \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c [\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 177<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref183\" name=\"_edn183\"><\/a>([182]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 179<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref184\" name=\"_edn184\"><\/a>([183]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 186<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref185\" name=\"_edn185\"><\/a>([184]) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 109<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref186\" name=\"_edn186\"><\/a>([185]) \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c <strong><u>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 222<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref187\" name=\"_edn187\"><\/a>([186]) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 128<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref188\" name=\"_edn188\"><\/a>([187]) \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c [\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 177<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref189\" name=\"_edn189\"><\/a>([188]) \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 361\u2013362<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref190\" name=\"_edn190\"><\/a>([189]) \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 206<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref191\" name=\"_edn191\"><\/a>([190]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 179\u2013 192<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref192\" name=\"_edn192\"><\/a>([191]) \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a (2)\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 590<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref193\" name=\"_edn193\"><\/a>([192]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 591<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref194\" name=\"_edn194\"><\/a>([193]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 158- 159<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref195\" name=\"_edn195\"><\/a>([194]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c 160<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref196\" name=\"_edn196\"><\/a>([195]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 159-160<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref197\" name=\"_edn197\"><\/a>([196]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 162-163<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref198\" name=\"_edn198\"><\/a>([197]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (( \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 ))<\/u>\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref199\" name=\"_edn199\"><\/a>([198]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 198<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref200\" name=\"_edn200\"><\/a>([199]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 199<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref201\" name=\"_edn201\"><\/a>(([200] \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 24<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref202\" name=\"_edn202\"><\/a>([201]) \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c<strong> <u>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong><u> <strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/u>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 63<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref203\" name=\"_edn203\"><\/a>([202]) \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 201-202<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref204\" name=\"_edn204\"><\/a>([203]) \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 202<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref205\" name=\"_edn205\"><\/a>([204]) \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 202\u2013 203. \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :<\/p>\n<p>James O\u2019Connor , <strong>The Fiscal Crisis in The State<\/strong> , St. Martin\u2019s , New York . 1973<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref206\" name=\"_edn206\"><\/a>([205]) \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c<strong> <u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 192-195<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref207\" name=\"_edn207\"><\/a>([206]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 204- 205<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref208\" name=\"_edn208\"><\/a>([207]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 205<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref209\" name=\"_edn209\"><\/a>([208]) \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 8.452\u00a0 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000 . \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629)\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 1677 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 .\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 89342 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 3.3 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a 2 \u0641\u064a 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[\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f 2002\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref210\" name=\"_edn210\"><\/a>([209]) \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 63<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref211\" name=\"_edn211\"><\/a>([210]) \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 286-287<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref212\" name=\"_edn212\"><\/a>([211]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 104<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref213\" name=\"_edn213\"><\/a>([212]) \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 22<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref214\" name=\"_edn214\"><\/a>([213]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 206\u2013 207<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref215\" name=\"_edn215\"><\/a>([214]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a<strong>: <u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 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\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 357<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref218\" name=\"_edn218\"><\/a>([217]) \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 504<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref219\" name=\"_edn219\"><\/a>([218]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 503<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref220\" name=\"_edn220\"><\/a>([219]) \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635648<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref221\" name=\"_edn221\"><\/a>([220]) \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c <strong><u>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 287<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref222\" name=\"_edn222\"><\/a>([221]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref223\" name=\"_edn223\"><\/a>([222]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 26<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref224\" name=\"_edn224\"><\/a>([223]) \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 79<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref225\" name=\"_edn225\"><\/a>([224]) \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1992<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref226\" name=\"_edn226\"><\/a>([225]) \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c <strong><u>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 292<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref227\" name=\"_edn227\"><\/a>([226]) \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref228\" name=\"_edn228\"><\/a>([227]) \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c [\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 184<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref229\" name=\"_edn229\"><\/a>([228]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 184\u2013 185<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref230\" name=\"_edn230\"><\/a>([229]) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0648 (( \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a )) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0636\u062d\u0649 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 244<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref231\" name=\"_edn231\"><\/a>([230]) \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c <strong><u>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 220<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref232\" name=\"_edn232\"><\/a>([231]) \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 739-740<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref233\" name=\"_edn233\"><\/a>([232]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 741<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref234\" name=\"_edn234\"><\/a>([233]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 741-742<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref235\" name=\"_edn235\"><\/a>([234]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635742- 743<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref236\" name=\"_edn236\"><\/a>([235]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 743- 744<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref237\" name=\"_edn237\"><\/a>([236]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 744<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref238\" name=\"_edn238\"><\/a>([237]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 68- 69<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref239\" name=\"_edn239\"><\/a>([238]) \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c <strong>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 218<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref240\" name=\"_edn240\"><\/a>([239]) \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 409<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref241\" name=\"_edn241\"><\/a>([240]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629<strong>\u060c \u0641\u064a:<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 455<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref242\" name=\"_edn242\"><\/a>([241]) \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 284<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref243\" name=\"_edn243\"><\/a>([242]) \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629: \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 (\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1997\u060c \u0635105<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a.. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 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