{"id":3394,"date":"2014-07-29T13:06:00","date_gmt":"2014-07-29T10:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/________1_138306281.jpg"},"modified":"2020-06-01T03:25:29","modified_gmt":"2020-06-01T00:25:29","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%88%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a1%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hasnlz.com\/?p=3394","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 ” \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 ” .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/span>(<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/a>[20]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/sup><\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span>\u0625<\/span>\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u2026<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u00a0 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u00a0 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2001 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a (68) \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 97<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631 <\/span>\u0623<\/span>\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1980 \u20131997)<\/span>(<\/span><\/sup><\/a>[21]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/sup>. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/p>\n

( \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u00a0 1980-\u00a0 1998)<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13.1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9.3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9.7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627)<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

21.4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

14.3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

11.7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 (\u0628)<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

11.3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

(\u0623\u200c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u0628\u200c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\/ \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2001 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 ( 2-2)\u060c \u0635 31\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>1.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span>Electronic Government\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>2.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span>Electronic Trade\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f <\/span>Distant Education and Training <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>4.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u00a0 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u063a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u00a0 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>(<\/span><\/sup><\/a>[24]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/sup> ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 + \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 ) \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>(<\/span><\/sup><\/a>[28]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/sup>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 6.7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a 1.7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950 \u062b\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a 24.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1970 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 95.6 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1980<\/span>(<\/span><\/sup><\/a>[29]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/sup>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a <\/span>\u062d\u0642\u0628<\/span>\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 67 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 ( 1982-1987 ) \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 158 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 109 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1996 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1995 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 95.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1990 \u0627\u0644\u0640 24 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span>(<\/span><\/sup><\/a>[30]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/sup>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a\u00a0 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0624\u0644.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (\u00a0 2)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u00a0 (1990-1996 ) (\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631)<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1990<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1991<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1992<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1993<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1994<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1995<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1996<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

44.4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

56.9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

90.6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

157.1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

161.3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

183.2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

243.8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

24.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

33.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

43.6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

67.2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

83.7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

95.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

109.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17.3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20.9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

80.9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

62.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

60.6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

91.8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-0.3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

11.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

26.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

34.2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

11.3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3.3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

13.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9.2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4.6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8.3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

56.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

65.6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

55.4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

55.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

45.7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

53.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

40.8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 :\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 1997\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u060c 1998\u060c\u00a0 \u06354 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u00a0 \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u00a0 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d<\/span>(<\/span><\/sup><\/a>[34]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u00a0 \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u063a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u00a0 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627<\/span>(<\/span><\/sup><\/a>[35]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/sup>. \u0641\u0646\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 1: 10 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1980\u060c\u00a0 \u062b\u0645 1: 50 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992 \u062b\u0645 1 :70\u00a0 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1995 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000 \u0645\u0646\u00a0 1: 100 . \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0635\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 700 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 1000 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/span>(<\/span><\/sup><\/a>[36]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/sup>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 <\/span>G7<\/span><\/strong> \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/span>(<\/span><\/sup><\/a>[37]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/sup>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>[1]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c <\/span>\u0635<\/span> 73-74<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/a>[2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Barbara Parker , Globalization And Business Practice , SAGE Publication , London , 1998 , p.7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/a>[3]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Kofia\u00a0 Annan , Partnerships for Global Community , Annual Report on The Work for Organization , New York ,U.N. , 1998 , p.52<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/a>[4]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0635<\/span> 75-80<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[5]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631 <\/span>[<\/span>\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/span>]<\/span>\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629: \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2004\u060c \u0635 2004\u060c \u0635 256<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[6]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646<\/span>:<\/span> \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f <\/span>(<\/span>133<\/span>)<\/span>\u060c \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631<\/span>\/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/span>\u00a0 1990\u060c \u0635 92\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/a>[7]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0621: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u06373\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c\u00a0 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1980\u060c \u0635 28 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[8]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1989 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[9]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00a0\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0633 \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2004\u060c \u0635 20<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[10]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0632\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1989\u060c \u0635 70 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[11]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 42-43 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[12]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1989\u060c \u0635 31-38 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[13]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 167 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[14]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (1970 \u2013 1980)<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1984\u060c \u0635 52\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[15]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[16]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 190<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[17]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[18]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 78-79<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[19]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/strong>\u060c <\/span>\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/ <\/span>\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1997\u060c \u0635 57 -58<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[20]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c 1990\u060c \u0635 90\u2013 94 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[21]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2001<\/strong>\u060c \u0635 31 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[22]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 31<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[23]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0633 \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06357<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[24]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d<\/span>\u064a<\/span> \u064a\u062d\u0649 \u0632\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 1999\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[25]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (26) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c 1989\u060c \u0635 47 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[26]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1981\u060c \u0635125 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[27]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635274 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[28]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635275 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[29]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u00a0 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635276 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[30]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1998<\/strong> <\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[31]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span>:<\/span> \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 23- 24 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 1999\u060c \u06357-8 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[32]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635276 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[33]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063525 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[34]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635234 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[35]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (13)\u060c \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 1995\u060c \u0635 11 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[36]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[37]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063512<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[38]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/span>\u060c \u0635 <\/span>88-90<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>[39]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646: \u062f. \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/strong>\u060c <\/span>\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c <\/span>2005<\/span>\u060c \u0635<\/span>398-402<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":14200,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3394","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-7"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645 - \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 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